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A blood test is a laboratory analysis
performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a
vein in the arm using a needle, or via fingerprick.
Blood tests
are used to determine physiological and biochemical states such
as disease, mineral content, drug effectiveness, and organ
function. Although the term blood test is used, most routine
tests (except for most haematology) are done on plasma or serum
instead of blood cells.
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Extraction
Venipuncture is useful as it is a relatively
non-invasive way to obtain cells, and
extracellular fluid (plasma), from the body for
analysis. Since blood flows throughout the body,
acting as a medium for providing oxygen and
nutrients, and drawing waste products back to the
excretory systems for disposal, the state of the
bloodstream affects, or is affected by, many
medical conditions. For these reasons, blood tests
are the most commonly performed medical tests. |
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Biochemical analysis
A basic metabolic panel measures sodium,
potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, blood urea
nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, and
glucose. It also sometimes includes calcium.
Some blood tests, such as measuring glucose,
cholesterol, or for STD screening require fasting
(or no food consumption) eight to twelve hours
prior to the blood test.
For the majority of blood
tests, blood is usually obtained from the
patient's vein. However, other specialized blood
tests, such as the Arterial blood gas, require
blood extracted from an artery. Blood gas analysis
of arterial blood is primarily used to monitor
carbon dioxide and oxygen levels related to
pulmonary function. But, it is also used to
measure blood pH and bicarbonate levels for
certain metabolic conditions. |
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